The Russian Transitional Economy Essay - 795 Words

SBEJ review paper Comments to the Author The paper tackles an important and interesting topic such as Barriers to Entrepreneurship. The context of investigation in the Russian transitional economy adds value to the paper too. However, here are some of the major comments 1. The original element of the paper is use of use of Double Bind Situation (DBS) theory to explain the entrepreneurial behavior in an extreme environment of transition. In particular, the paper does greater in terms of addressing the interactions of entrepreneurs and state individuals using DBST. Use of this theory to explain entrepreneurial behavior is important contribution to the field. 2. The review of entrepreneurship literature dealing with barriers is very brief. Author(s) should discuss more critically this literature by pointing some limitations. For example, paper argues that several authors have conceived of barriers as static while there is no discussion of some recent studies that use panel data technique, add dynamic component in their analysis, and of course overcome some of limitations of previous cross-sectional studies. The studies, analysis in the theoretical part are based on the cross-sectional. 3. Data and method needs some more careful details and discussion. First, there is no clear discussion how the sample of qualitative interviews was selected. This is very critical for implications of the study and its limitations. 4. Author(s) claim that ‘businesses for the study were eitherShow MoreRelatedRussias Gross Domestic Product1319 Words   |  6 PagesRussia’s gross domestic product puts its economy as the eighth largest in the world but its per capita GDP puts it at the seventy-fifth percentile. Retail markets and consumers became popular over a ten-year period. 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The first crisis came after the overthrow of Tsar Nicholas II and the establishment of the Soviet Union in the earlyRead MoreA Civil Society2839 Words   |  12 Pagesin civil society during the fall of the Soviet Union. Soviet Russia In 1917, when Soviet Russia began its formation out of the Bolshevik Revolution and eventually out of the overthrow of the Russian Empire, a tight reign ensued across the region as the communist regime exhorted its autonomy on all Russian citizens. Joseph Stalin soon came to enforce this newly encroached reign of the Communist Party in 1924. During this time, all power was given to the state and by the state. This supremacy offeredRead MoreThe Eurasian Economic Union : The Development Of The Eurasian Economic Union1498 Words   |  6 Pagesdesign of the Economic Commission was the first attempt in the supranational delegation, where a qualified majority made economic decisions. 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Definition and Examples of Copyediting in English

Copyediting is the process of correcting errors in a text and making it conform to an editorial style (also called house style), which includes spelling, capitalization, and punctuation. A person who prepares a text for publication by performing these tasks is called a copy editor (or in Britain, a sub editor). Alternate Spellings:  copy editing, copy-editing Aims and Kinds of Copyediting The main aims of copy-editing are to remove any obstacles between the reader and what the author wants to convey and to find and solve any problems before the book goes to the typesetter, so that production can go ahead without interruption or unnecessary expense. . . . There are various kinds of editing.   Substantive editing  aims to improve the overall coverage and presentation of a piece of writing, its content, scope,  level  and organization. . . .Detailed editing for sense  is concerned with whether each section expresses the authors meaning clearly, without gaps and contradictions.Checking for consistency  is a mechanical but important task. . . . It involves checking such things as spelling and the use of single or double quotes, either according to a house style or according to the authors own style. . . .Copy-editing usually consists of 2 and 3, plus 4 below.Clear presentation of the material for the typesetter  involves making sure that it is complete and that all the parts are clearly identified. (Judith Butcher, Caroline Drake, and Maureen Leach, Butchers Copy-editing: The Cambridge Handbook for Editors, Copy-editors and Proofreaders. Cambridge University Press, 2006) How Its Spelled Copyeditor and copyediting have a curious history. Random House is my authority for using the one-word form. But Websters agrees with Oxford on copy editor, although Websters favors copyedit as a verb. They both sanction copyreader and copywriter, with verbs to match. (Elsie Myers Stainton, The Fine Art of Copyediting. Columbia University Press, 2002) The Work of Copy Editors Copy editors are the final gatekeepers before an article reaches you, the reader. To start with, they want to be sure that the spelling and grammar are correct, following our [New York Times] stylebook, of course. . . . They have great instincts for sniffing out suspicious or incorrect facts or things that just dont make sense in context. They are also our final line of protection against libel, unfairness and imbalance in an article. If they stumble over anything, theyre going to work with the writer or the assigning editor (we call them backfield editors) to make adjustments so you dont stumble. That often involves intensive substantive work on an article. In addition, copy editors write the headlines, captions and other display elements for the articles, edit the article for the space available to it (that usually means trims, for the printed paper) and read the proofs of the printed pages in case something slipped by. (Merrill Perlman, Talk to the Newsroom. The New York Times, Ma r. 6, 2007) Julian Barnes on the Style Police For five years in the 1990s, British novelist and essayist  Julian Barnes  served as the London correspondent for  Ã¢â‚¬â€¹The New Yorker magazine. In the preface to  Letters From London, Barnes describes how his essays were meticulously clipped and styled by editors and fact-checkers at the magazine. Here he reports on the activities of the anonymous  copy editors, whom he calls  the style police. Writing for  The New Yorker  means, famously, being edited by  The New Yorker: an immensely civilized, attentive and beneficial process which tends to drive you crazy. It begins with the department known, not always affectionately, as the style police. These are the stern puritans who look at one of your sentences and instead of seeing, as you do, a joyful fusion of truth, beauty, rhythm, and wit, discover only a doltish wreckage of capsized grammar. Silently, they do their best to protect you from yourself. You emit muted gargles of protest and attempt to restore your original text. A new set of proofs arrives, and occasionally you will have been graciously permitted a single laxity; but if so, you will also find that a further grammatical delinquency has been corrected. The fact that you never get to talk to the style police, while they retain the power of intervention in your text at any time, makes them seem the more menacing. I used to imagine them sitting in their office with nightsticks and manacles dangling from the walls, swapping satirical and unforgiving opinions of  New Yorker  writers. Guess how many infinitives that Limeys split  this  time? Actually, they are less unbending than I make them sound, and even acknowledge how useful it may be to occasionally split an infinitive. My own particular weakness is a refusal to learn the difference between  which  and  that. I know theres some rule, to do with individuality versus category or something, but I have my ow n rule, which goes like this (or should it be that goes like this?--dont ask me): if youve already got a  that  doing business in the vicinity, use  which  instead. I dont think I ever converted the style police to this working principle. (Julian Barnes, Letters From London. Vintage, 1995)   The Decline of Copyediting The brutal fact is that American newspapers, coping with drastically shrinking revenue, have drastically reduced the levels of editing, with a concomitant increase in errors, slipshod writing, and other defects. Copy editing, in particular, was seen at the corporate level as a cost center, an expensive frill, money wasted on people obsessing with commas. Copy desk staffs have been decimated, more than once, or eliminated outright with the work transferred to distant hubs, where, unlike Cheers, nobody knows your name. (John McIntyre, Gag Me With a Copy Editor. The Baltimore Sun, January 9, 2012)

Locke and Shakespeare Free Essays

It is important to note that Locke’s â€Å"Second Treatise on Government† is fully rooted on something ideological and taking parts of it can be considered inappropriate, specially, because the circumstances Locke laid on his work varies form that of Richard II.   Knowing this, Richard II can only be analyzed with reference to some concepts found on Locke’s philosophy rather than an actual application or portrayal of such. Following the flow of Locke’s work, I will start with his concept of the â€Å"state of war. We will write a custom essay sample on Locke and Shakespeare or any similar topic only for you Order Now †Ã‚   Locke indicated that a state of war is in contrast with the natural tendency of men to preserve life.   On the other hand, there are certain factors that may threaten a person and may lead him to war or destruction, but never license him to do so.   He supposes that proper implementation of the law and punishment can prevent war. During the onset of the play, it is clear that Richard II has made an erroneous error in not being able to settle and rule a fair judgement on the dispute between Bolingbroke and Mowbray.   When there is a clear indication that law has been broken and that punishment has no basis or bearing and thus, altered, questions will arise and later bring forth war. More of this can be discussed when I go into the detail of political and civil society and the dissolution of the government later in this paper.   My point here is that Richard II’s mercy of reducing Bolingbroke’s sentence to 6 years, no matter how justified, is an act outside of the law that he, himself, should inculcate and practice.   Not to add that the trial by combat that was set for Bolingbroke and Mowbray did not take place upon the king’s discretion. I understand that at the time this play was written, the King is someone ordained by Heaven to rule and so, has the right to grant mercy, create laws, wage war, etc†¦ I believe, on the other hand, perhaps, in one way, or another, similar to Locke, that power is a gift that should never be abused and should always be used for the benefit of the â€Å"natural man.†   A state of nature has existed and can never be repelled from.   In a lawful stage, at this time, that seems very unlikely, and so it does, in Richard II, and so, the next turn of events. The next is Locke’s concept on property.   He pre-supposes that man’s right on land came from the fact that he needs it to survive and he will work to own and maintain it for himself.   Knowing that there was a lot of land for everyone, he assumes that each can be afforded an equal share and that people are not supposed to take more than needed.   He discussed that the value attributed to land, i.e. gold, silver or diamonds is nothing compared to the main purpose – survival. The application of this concept is obvious in consideration of the fact that during the time the play was written; colonization and acquisition of land, in the name of the King was like a trend.   My point in mentioning this though is that improper allocation of funds, seizure of property as well as the war to Ireland are all part of the picture that led Richard II to his tragic ending. While the priorities of the king is largely different from that of the common man, the main truth in surrendering one’s fate to the king is for reasons of survival.   Locke has discussed that a man’s title for property is his own labor.   The king however, thinks otherwise.   I think that a king believes that everything under his â€Å"kingdom† is considered his possession. In the ideal sense, this is true because knowing that the king holds the title to everything means the king has to protect, nurture and make sure that his â€Å"kingdom† is living the good life.   In Richard II’s case, it seems different.   Well, maybe, for that entire period, expanding the land and winning over governance is the main aim of the king.   The bottom line is that while the king is busy making sure he owns and rules a larger â€Å"kingdom,† the people are busy criticizing what the king should do. Moving on, Locke’s discussion on the political and civil society and the dissolution of government is the main theme of Richard II as well as of this assignment.   Locke primarily said that a government exists when people decides to resign their individual rights to the government.   He however, explicitly points out that there is no place for absolute monarchy in a civil society.   This is because having the rights of all depend on one or few people means that judgement is overseen. Knowing that the ruler is also the maker and implementer of laws mean that the ruler is not subjected to any judge – the ruler cannot judge himself, perhaps only by conscience, but seemingly, the ruler becomes above of everything he has set.   And so, such may lead to anarchy, rebellion and the disintegration of the government. The type of government alone is already a subject of discussion for if Locke doesn’t believe in monarchy, then the governance of Richard II is already considered a true government.   Perhaps that was the reason why anarchy, as Locke has discussed, took place later on. Earlier in this paper, I’ve mentioned that the king’s priorities are different from the common man.   It is important to note that even Locke agrees that the common man will not understand this.   The common man’s concern is simply his/her survival – it doesn’t matter how, where, when, as long as they have the right to land and live well, then all should be well. I think this is where Richard II failed as a king.   He understands the need for war (land), the ways (funds) and even the need for strong governance (resolving conflict and â€Å"politics†) but he did not see things in a bigger picture, he did not use Locke’s simple interpretation of things.   He didn’t listen to the needs of the people and focused only on his needs as king. The way the play has progressed revealed how all of Locke’s descriptions and/or principles come into perfect merge with the eventual ending.   As I have discussed with his principles on the state of war and of property, it is clear that Richard II has brought his fate upon himself when he acted upon his assumptions.   If he hasn’t ordered the death of the Duke of Gloucester, Henry wouldn’t have had the opportunity to accuse Mowbray with treason (diversion of funds and the Duke’s death). If he has chosen to let the law decide on the fate of both, he wouldn’t have faced the dilemma of banishment.   Perhaps it was guilt, for Henry’s accusation was true, perhaps, it was because he failed to foresee the course of evens and thought that banishing Henry will be a good-of-a-solution to keep his popularity with the commoners from increasing, or perhaps, it was simply because he was just a weak king. Locke also discussed that the dissolution of the government as a result of rebellion does not necessarily mean that the government will cease to exist.   It means that change is needed and a new governance is required.   Perhaps, this is why Richard II chose to step down without the need for violence and allowed Henry to rule.   Come to think of it, if he didn’t step down, he wouldn’t have had enough power and manpower to protect him anyway, for even his own army was easily swayed with rumor that he was dead. It is on that change of governance that Locke finished his discussion.   The play however progressed further into the tragedy it is known for – the murder of Richard II.   I think this part can be associated to Locke’s early discussion on man’s state of nature.   It is quite funny that in spite of the fact that a political and civil society (at least if we are to forego the fact that it’s a monarchy) already exists in Richard II, man’s state of nature – where he believes that he has power over someone weak and/or has the right to subject someone who has offended him – will always be part of it. And so, Sir Pierce killed Richard II, thinking it is what Henry desires, which is actually true, but in any case, has caused his banishment.   This simply proves that man – no matter what state he or she is, will always be man, just as Locke attempted to base when he discussed his theory. If you’ll come to think of it, this last scenario is not so much different with the onset of the play where Mowbray was accused of murder and was banished.   The irony of such similarity may simply mean that unless the government is changed, the process will repeat.    How to cite Locke and Shakespeare, Essay examples

Business Law Report for Occupational Health - myassignmenthelp

Question: Write about theBusiness Law Report for Occupational Health. Answer: Introduction. The purpose of this report is to critically analyze offshoring and on-shoring with regard to the Australian laws and foreign laws. These two terms are not term of law but they can be connected to laws in their fully capacity. Therefore, the report will consider occupation health and safety as well as anti-discrimination and equal opportunities in offshoring and on-shoring both located in Australian. That is why this paper will apply the Australian laws and any other relevant foreign laws for that matter. For the purpose of this report, concrete knowledge on offshoring and on-shoring need to be redefined. Both offshoring and on-shoring refers to methods of outsourcing. Typically, outsourcing means a situation where a company contract part of its tasks to an external company (Maslow 2013). With that said and done, on-shoring can be defined or typically refers to the relocation of industry processes to a location involving lower costs within the national boundaries of a particular count ry. For this paper, on-shoring will be within the boundaries of Australia. On the other hand, offshoring can be defined broadly as outsourcing that is purely done across national borders. That is, a distant location is preferred for that matter. Occupational health and safety. This section will consider various aspects such as law and theories concerning offshoring and on-shoring, case study or court cases, then the mere comparison of offshoring and on-shoring, the most appropriate area of development as well as location of offshoring and on-shoring. This will help this report to analyze anti-discrimination and equal opportunities in similar capacity. Law and theories. Law is very important to a society. Law typically mean the rules and regulations that have been set by the government so as to government the people through the customs and judicial process to as to promote peaceful coexistence among the citizen (McGregor 2012). This definition fall under business law as well where investors and business fraternity follow certain rules and regulations in order to promote proper grounds in the field of business among the business people. For this report, this will involve both offshoring and on-shoring. The law on occupational health and safety is referred to as OHSA law in Australian laws. The Australian law state that the OSH Act involves employers. In that case, employers are purely responsible in provision of safe and healthful workplace. For the case of offshoring and on-shoring, the law will ensure safe and healthful workplace settings and standards are fully enforced. Ant training, assistance, education as well as outreach in offshoring and on- shoring need to be provided by the employer as stated in the Australian law. The theory involved here is the Accident theory. The law is very clear on that. The theory connects safety and productivity. This implies that the business of offshoring and on-shoring need to identify the possible risks and entropy model of accidents. Both entropy and residual risk need to be identified and reduced. Any possibility of degradation of offshoring and on-shoring business systems need to be reduced. Again, the inherent danger in the entire activities of the organization need to be reduced as stated in the OSH Act of Australian law. Case study or court case. A case study refers typically as a previous scenario in law that can be used to compare aspects in the legal law. Decision can be made based on precedents. A court case as well involves a previous case that had been presented a decision can be as well be made from the court case. According to the Australian case studies all the case studies are used for reference to other cases at stake. There is a particular case law interpretation in Australia regarding the occupational health and safety. The case study Milat v The Queen (2004) HCA 17, R v Gilmore (1977) 2 NSWLR 934N can be interpreted as follows. The criminal matter is the Queen while the accused is Gilmore. This particular case was reported in 1977 and indicates part of the NSW law report series. In addition, the case is found in volume 2 and usually started on page 935. The case study can be used similarly to solve case in offshoring and on-shoring. Offshores and onshore comparison. Both on-shoring and offshoring are the commonly used methods of outsourcing. Typically, outsourcing means a situation where a company contract part of its tasks to an external company (Thomas 2009). With that said and done, on-shoring can be defined or typically refers to the relocation of industry processes to a location involving lower costs within the national boundaries of a particular country. For this paper, on-shoring will be within the boundaries of Australia. On the other hand, offshoring can be defined broadly as outsourcing that is purely done across national borders (Ryan Deci 2017). That is, a distant location is preferred for that matter. Typically, offshoring involves the relocation of industry or business processes to the preferred cheaper location in a different country. This will be involving outsourcing activities of a company as well as setting up a subsidiary in another country. Area for developing offshoring and on-shoring. The choice of area for offshoring can be all the areas outside Australia that are recommended in the Australian law. This is possible provided the outsourcing procedures involved in offshoring business system lowers the cost of operation outside the boarders of Australia. However, the area of the development must be governed by Australian law together with the relevant foreign laws that correspond with the area of offshoring (Marylene 2014). The area for developing the on-shoring must be located in Australia since it involves outsourcing within the borders of Australia. However, the area of choice must lower the cost of operations for the business. According to Australian and foreign law, on-shoring will benefit the business if done within the borders of Australia. This area must adhere to the rules and regulations of Australia on occupation and safety. On-shoring and offshoring compared by a case. On-shoring. The case on on-shoring is based on a case within the borders of Australia because the business operations takes place within the boards of Australia. Hence, the comparison between on-shoring and offshoring with regard to occupational health and safety is governed by Australian law and any relevant foreign law for the case of offshoring. Considering the case of Blomley v Ryan (1956) 99 CLR 362, both the plaintiff and the defendant were citizen of Australia involve in civil case of on-shore outsourcing. In this case, the plaintiff was Blomley who brought the course of action about the on-shore outsourcing. Ryan was the defendant who was resisting the course of action (Lambsdorff 2012). This case was reported in 1956 and fall under the category of commonwealth law report series under volume 99. The judgment of this case started at page 362 where Ryan was found guilty of illegal on-shoring. This case was determined within the boundaries if Australia. Offshoring. The jurisdictions of cases involving the offshoring are bound to the Australian legal law and the foreign law involved in a particular case unlike in on-shoring. Considering the case of Gilmore v, The Queen (1977) 2 NSWLR 935, the criminal matter was the queen while the accused was Gilmore. This case was reported in1977 and indicates that it was part of NSW law report series. Moreover, the case was found in volume and usually commence at page 935 (Richard 2013). Gilmore was from Australia while The Queen originated from the USA. Therefore, the ruling on this case must consider both the Australian law and the USA law before making the judgment. In this case The Queen was found guilty of offshoring claims that involved illegal business transactions. Anti-discrimination and equal opportunities. Laws and theories. The law relating to anti-discrimination and equal opportunities is called equity law. The Australian law of equity ensures that all parties are offered equal chances as far as on-shoring and offshoring are concerned. Anybody who denies other that equal opportunity is deemed to have committed a tort. A tort is simply a civil wrong (Lambsdorff 2011). The law states that law is equality. The main theory in this particular area is called proportionality theory. It asserts that all business people have opportunities to venture in business in proportionate rates. Therefore, as far as antidiscrimination and equal opportunities are concerned, the Australian law of equity and theory of proportionality take effect. Case study or court case. A case study that can be brought forward concerning anti-discrimination and equal opportunities in regard to offshoring and on-shoring can be found in both criminal and civil case study. The case study will rule in favor of anti-discrimination and equal opportunities. Offshore and on-shore comparison. There is no much difference between offshoring and on-shoring in anti-discrimination and equal opportunities from occupation health and safety. In this case, the law of contract assert that a contract deems valid when there is an offer and acceptance of the offer (Stiglitz Joseph 2003). Therefore, offshoring will involve outsourcing business activities outside Australia at a lower cost while on-shoring will involve outsourcing of business activities within Australia. However, before this is achieved, the law need to provide equal chances on both offshoring and on-shoring to the individual contractors. In case of any legal action both Australian law and foreign law will be considered without discriminating any law. Area of development. The area of development for on-shoring should be based in Australia. Under this section, the area should be in marginalized areas where the on-shoring had not been done due to discrimination. For offshoring, the area of development should be outside Australia. This area should be in developing countries that have been discriminated before. On-shoring and offshoring compared by a case. On-shoring. Considering the case of Blomley v Ryan (1956) 99 CLR 362, both the plaintiff and the defendant were citizen of Australia involve in civil case of on-shore outsourcing. In this case, the plaintiff was Blomley who brought the course of action about the on-shore outsourcing. Ryan was the defendant who was resisting the course of action (Kanungo Manuel 2014). This case was reported in 1956 and fall under the category of commonwealth law report series under volume 99. Offshoring. The jurisdictions of cases involving the offshoring are bound to the Australian legal law and the foreign law involved in a particular case unlike in on-shoring (Arnold 2010). Considering the case of Gilmore v, The Queen (1977) 2 NSWLR 935, the criminal matter was the queen while the accused was Gilmore. Conclusion. In conclusion, offshoring involves the relocation of industry or business processes to the preferred cheaper location in a different country. This will be involving outsourcing activities of a company as well as setting up a subsidiary in another country. The Australian law has critically analyzed this by looking into details the occupation health and safety as well as anti-discrimination and equal opportunities. References. Arnold, J 2010, Coaching Skills for Leaders in the Workplace: How to Develop, Motivate and Get the Best from Your Staff, How to Books. Kanungo, R.N., Manuel, M. (2014). Work Motivation: Models for Developing Countries. Sage Publication put. Lambsdorff, JG 2011, Report of the Auditor General, University of Goetingen. Lambsdorff, JG 2012, Corruption and Rent-seeking, public choice. Marylene, G 2014, the Oxford Handbook of Work Engagement, Motivation and Self-Determination Theory, OUP USA. Maslow, AH 2013, A Theory of Human Motivation, Start publishing LLC. McGregor, D 2012, the Human Side of Enterprise, New Yolk, 21. Richard, A 2013, Job Satisfaction from Herzbergs Two Factor Theory Perspective. Grin publishing. Ryan, RM., Deci, EL2017, Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Need in Motivation, development and Wellness. The Guilford presses. Stiglitz Joseph, E 2003, Globalization and its Discontents, Norton Company Inc. Thomas, KW2009, Intrinsic Motivation: What Really Drives Employees Engagement, Berret-Koehler publishers. Lambsdorff, JG 2012, making corrupt deals-contracting in the shadow of the law, journal of Economic behavior and organization, pp. 221-241. Committee of sponsoring organization of the treadway commission, internal control-integrated framework. Available from: www.ic.coso.org. Committee of sponsoring organization of the treadway commission, internal control-integrated framework, guidance for smaller public companies reporting on internal control over financial reporting. Available from: https://www.ic.coso.org. Committee of sponsoring organization of the treadway commission, Enterprise Risk Management integrated framework. Available from: www.ic.coso.org.